References

Core methods

O’Callaghan, J. F., and Mark, D. M. (1984): The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 28(3), 323-344. DOI: 10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0

Braun, J., and Willett, S. D. (2013): A very efficient O(n), implicit and parallel method to solve the stream power equation governing fluvial incision and landscape evolution. Geomorphology, 180-181, 170-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.008

Raess, L., Kolyukhin, D., and Minakov, A. (2019): Efficient parallel random field generator for large 3-D geophysical problems. Computers & Geosciences, 131, 158-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2019.06.007

Subglacial water flow

Shreve, R. L. (1972): Movement of water in glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 11(62), 205-214. DOI: 10.3189/S002214300002219X

Röthlisberger, H. (1972): Water pressure in intra-and subglacial channels. Journal of Glaciology, 11(62), 177-203. DOI:10.3189/S0022143000022188

Applications using WhereTheWaterFlows

Malczyk, G., Gourmelen, N., Werder, M., Wearing, M., and Goldberg, D. (2023): Constraints on subglacial melt fluxes from observations of active subglacial lake recharge. Journal of Glaciology, 69(278), 1900-1914. DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.70

Delaney, I., Anderson, L., and Herman, F. (2023): Modeling the spatially distributed nature of subglacial sediment transport and erosion. Earth Surface Dynamics, 11(4), 663-680. DOI: 10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023

Ogier, C., Fischer, M., Werder, M. A., Huss, M., Hupfer, M., Jacquemart, M., Gagliardini, O., Gilbert, A., Hösli, L., Thibert, E., Vincent, C., and Farinotti, D. (2025): Definition, formation and rupture mechanisms of water pockets in alpine glaciers: Insights from an updated inventory for the Swiss Alps. Journal of Glaciology, 71. DOI: 10.1017/jog.2025.43

Horgan, H. J., ..., Werder, M. A., ... et al. (2025): A West Antarctic grounding-zone environment shaped by episodic water flow.3 Nature Geoscience, 1–7. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01687-3

Washam, P., Schmidt, B. E., Loose, B., Horgan, H. J., Stewart, C. L., Stevens, C. L., Lawrence, J. D., Hulbe, C. L., Mullen, A. D., Quartini, E. S., & Hurwitz, B. (2026): Oceanic and volcanic heat converge in a subglacial channel of the Kamb Ice Stream in West Antarctica. Communications Earth & Environment. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-026-03508-w

Ogier, C., Werder, M. A., Gagliardini, O., Santin, I., Moser, R., Hugonnet, R., Blanc, A., and Farinotti, D. (2026): Potential glacier contributions to the 2024 La Bérarde flood. EGUsphere (preprint). DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2026-466

Data sources

Grab, M. (2020): Swiss Glacier Thickness - Release 2020. ETH Zurich. DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000434697

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo (2022): Terms of use for free geodata and geoservices (OGD). URL: swisstopo OGD terms